
Meningitis is a serious infection that causes inflammation of the membranes (meninges) surrounding the brain and spinal cord. It can be life-threatening and requires immediate medical attention.
- Meningitis is a rapidly progressing and life threatening bacterial infection that attacks the brain and nervous system.
- Meningitis outbreaks can occur where people live in close proximity, such as college dormitories.
- Meningitis vaccine may be recommended for travel to the “meningitis belt’ in Sub-Saharan Africa, where the disease is endemic.
- Meningitis vaccine is required for all pilgrims to the Hajj pilgrimage in Saudi Arabia.
What is Meningitis?
Meningitis is an inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, known as the meninges. This inflammation can be caused by viral, bacterial, fungal, or parasitic infections. Bacterial meningitis is the most severe form and can lead to significant complications or death if not treated promptly. Viral meningitis is generally less severe but still requires medical evaluation. Meningitis can spread through respiratory droplets or close personal contact with an infected person.
What are the symptoms of Meningitis?
Symptoms of meningitis can develop suddenly and may include:
- Fever
- Severe headache
- Stiff neck
- Sensitivity to light (photophobia)
- Nausea and vomiting
- Confusion or difficulty concentrating
- Seizures
- Sleepiness or difficulty waking
- Loss of appetite
In infants, symptoms may also include irritability, poor feeding, a bulging fontanel (soft spot on the head), and abnormal reflexes. The symptoms can vary based on the cause of the meningitis (viral, bacterial, etc.).
How dangerous is Meningitis?
Meningitis can be extremely dangerous, particularly bacterial meningitis, which can lead to severe complications such as brain damage, hearing loss, or learning disabilities. If not treated promptly, bacterial meningitis can be fatal. Viral meningitis is usually less severe but can still cause significant illness. The rapid progression of symptoms in bacterial meningitis means that immediate medical treatment is crucial to improve outcomes and prevent serious complications.
Who should get vaccinated?
Individuals who should get vaccinated for meningitis include:
- Adolescents: Routine vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended for all preteens at 11-12 years old, with a booster dose at 16 years old.
- College students: Especially those living in dormitories, due to the increased risk of outbreaks in close living conditions.
- Travelers to endemic areas: Particularly sub-Saharan Africa, known as the “meningitis belt.”
- People with certain medical conditions: Such as those with a missing spleen or a compromised immune system.
What types of Meningitis vaccines are there?
The most common meningitis vaccine is the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, known as MCV4 (Menveo is one example). This vaccine protects against 4 of the most common and deadliest serotypes of the bacteria N. meningitidis, which causes the most serious form of meningitis
Another meningitis vaccine, Meningococcal B vaccine (MenB), protects against a separate strain of the bacteria, type B which can periodically cause outbreaks, especially in college settings. Type B meningitis is not considered a routine risk of overseas travelers.
How long does immunity with Meningitis vaccine last?
Immunity from a meningitis vaccine is considered to last approximately 2 – 3 years.
Where is Meningitis commonly found in overseas countries?
Meningitis is more common in regions with low vaccination rates and inadequate healthcare infrastructure. Areas with higher prevalence include parts of:
- Sub-Saharan Africa: Particularly the “meningitis belt,” which stretches from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east.
- Crowded living conditions: Such as refugee camps and dormitories, where the risk of outbreaks is higher.
Travelers to these regions should ensure they are vaccinated against meningitis to reduce their risk of infection. It is crucial to check the latest travel health advisories and maps indicating meningitis risk areas before planning a trip to these countries.
How can Meningitis be prevented?
Meningitis can be effectively prevented through vaccination. Several vaccines protect against different types of meningitis, including the meningococcal conjugate vaccine, the pneumococcal vaccine, and the Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib) vaccine. In addition to vaccination, practicing good hygiene can help prevent the spread of meningitis. This includes frequent handwashing, avoiding sharing personal items, and maintaining good respiratory hygiene, such as covering the mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing. Awareness and early treatment of symptoms are crucial to preventing the severe outcomes associated with meningitis.