Meningitis is a potentially fatal infection that affects the membranes surrounding the brain and spinal cord. The disease can progress rapidly, and certain forms are highly contagious.
International travelers, particularly those visiting parts of Africa, are at elevated risk for meningococcal meningitis, especially during the dry season.
The meningitis vaccine is highly effective and recommended for travelers to specific destinations or events, such as the Hajj pilgrimage.
What is Meningococcal Meningitis?
Meningococcal meningitis is a serious bacterial infection caused by Neisseria meningitidis. It spreads through respiratory droplets and can cause severe complications, including brain damage, hearing loss, and death. Early symptoms often mimic the flu but can escalate rapidly to life-threatening illness or death.
Where is Meningitis a Travel Risk?
The highest risk region for meningococcal meningitis is the “meningitis belt” of Sub-Saharan Africa, which stretches from Senegal in the west to Ethiopia in the east. The dry season (typically December through June) carries the greatest risk of outbreaks.
Saudi Arabia requires proof of meningitis vaccination for all pilgrims attending the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages.
Who Should Get the Meningitis Vaccine?
The meningitis vaccine is recommended for:
- All Adolescents: Routine vaccination with the meningococcal conjugate vaccine is recommended for all preteens at 11–12 years old, with a booster dose at 16 years old.
- People living in communal settings: Including students in dormitories or study abroad programs, military recruits, or anyone living in close quarters where outbreaks are more likely.
- Travelers to endemic areas: Particularly sub-Saharan Africa, known as the “meningitis belt,” especially during the dry season.
- Participants in mass gatherings: Such as the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages.
- Individuals with certain medical conditions: Such as those with a missing spleen or a compromised immune system.
There are Two Types of Meningitis Vaccine:
- MenACWY – covers four common strains and is recommended on the US routine pediatric immunization schedule. MenACWY vaccine is often recommended for international travel and required for participation in the Hajj or Umrah pilgrimages
- MenB – protects against an additional strain not included in the quadrivalent vaccine. MenB is often recommended for adolescents and may be required for entrance to some schools in the US. MenB vaccine is not routinely recommended for international travel.
Duration of Protection of Meningitis Vaccine
The MenACWY vaccine typically provides protection for 3-5 years, while MenB protection duration varies. Travelers should consult a travel health specialist to determine if a booster is needed.
Meningitis Prevention Tips for Travelers:
- Get vaccinated well in advance of your trip
- Practice good hygiene (e.g., handwashing, avoiding close contact with sick individuals)
- Seek immediate medical care if symptoms like neck stiffness, fever, or severe headache develop. Meningococcal meningitis can rapidly become fatal.
TravelBug Health carries the MenACWY vaccine and can help you determine if it’s needed based on your travel plans or medical history. Whether you need it for school, Africa travel, or pilgrimage to Hajj or Umrah, schedule an appointment and we’ll get you in fast and ensure your documentation is complete.